Last Updated on 2023/11/26
The Erhu: A Comprehensive Overview of a Traditional Chinese Instrument
The Erhu (二胡), a traditional Chinese stringed instrument, is renowned for its distinct sound and rich history. With origins tracing back to the Tang Dynasty, the Erhu, initially introduced by the Hu people from the Western Regions, has evolved significantly over the centuries. This article delves into the various aspects of the Erhu, encompassing its history, development, components, playing techniques, and its role in modern music.
Origin and Evolution
Historical Roots
The Erhu, originally known as the “Xiqin” and “Jiqin”, has a history of over a thousand years, first mentioned in Tang Dynasty poetry. It evolved from ancient instruments of the northern minority tribes in China. The term “Huqin” (胡琴), a general term for stringed instruments in the Tang Dynasty, marked the beginning of the Erhu’s journey.
Development Through Dynasties
The Song Dynasty witnessed advancements in Erhu playing, as documented by scholars like Shen Kuo and Chen Yuanjing. During the Yuan Dynasty, the “Huqin” was further refined, as described in the “Yuan History (元史·礼乐志)”. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Huqin spread across China, becoming a key instrument in folk music and theatrical performances.
Components of the Erhu
Body (Qintong)
The body, or Qintong (琴筒), is the resonating chamber, typically made of wood such as rosewood or blackwood, and covered on one end with python or snake skin. Its shape varies, including hexagonal, octagonal, and round forms, with a decorative sound window on the back.
Strings and Tuning Pegs (Qinxian and Qinzhou)
The Erhu has two strings, traditionally made of silk but now often metal, each attached to its own tuning peg (Qinzhou). The strings’ quality directly affects the instrument’s sound.
Bow (Qingong)
The bow, an integral part of the Erhu, is traditionally made from bamboo and horsehair. It’s crucial for the player to maintain the bow properly for optimal sound production.
Other Components
The instrument also includes a small bridge (Qinma), a pressure bar (Qianjin), and a sound pad, each contributing to the unique sound of the Erhu.
Playing Techniques and Posture
Handling the Bow
Proper bowing techniques are essential for producing the Erhu’s distinctive sound. Players must pay attention to the bow’s position, tension, and movement to create the desired musical expression.
Holding the Erhu
The Erhu is traditionally placed on the left thigh, with the neck held by the left hand. Correct posture and finger placement are crucial for controlling the sound and performing complex pieces.
Repertoire and Modern Usage
Traditional and Modern Pieces
Famous Erhu pieces include “Moon Reflected on the Erquan Spring” and “Horse Racing”. Contemporary compositions and adaptations have expanded the instrument’s repertoire, blending traditional Chinese music with Western styles.
Erhu in Modern Media
With the advent of new media, the Erhu has gained international recognition, appearing in diverse musical genres and media platforms. This exposure has led to innovative playing techniques and an expanded audience for this traditional instrument.
Maintenance and Care
Skin and Body Maintenance
The python skin covering and the wooden body of the Erhu require careful maintenance to preserve sound quality. Regular use and proper storage are essential for the longevity of the instrument.
Bow Care
Keeping the bow hair clean and properly tensioned is vital for maintaining the quality of sound.
Source: Baike Baidu